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Schramm's Model of Communication (1954)

 

Schramm's Model of Communication (1954)

Developed by: Wilbur Schramm

Schramm's Model is an interactive model of communication that emphasizes two-way communication. Unlike linear models, it recognizes that communication is a continuous process in which both participants send and receive messages. It also introduces the concept of the Field of Experience, which explains that effective communication depends on the shared knowledge, culture, language, and experiences of the sender and receiver.

Visual Representation

                    SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

             Field of Experience            Field of Experience
          (Knowledge, Culture, etc.)     (Knowledge, Culture, etc.)

        +-----------------------+      +-----------------------+
        |        Sender         |      |       Receiver        |
        |       (Encoder)       |◄────►|      (Decoder)        |
        +-----------------------+      +-----------------------+
                  │                              ▲
                  │ Encode                       │ Decode
                  ▼                              │
             +----------------+                  │
             |    Message     |──────────────────┘
             +----------------+
                  ▲
                  │
             Feedback
                  │
                  └──────────────────────────────────────────► Sender

Circular Representation

                   +------------------+
                   |      Sender      |
                   | (Encode Message) |
                   +------------------+
                            │
                            ▼
                       +----------+
                       | Message  |
                       +----------+
                            │
                            ▼
                   +------------------+
                   |    Receiver      |
                   | (Decode Message) |
                   +------------------+
                            │
                            ▼
                        Feedback
                            │
                            └──────────────► Sender

Components of Schramm's Model

1. Sender (Encoder)

The sender creates and encodes the message before transmitting it.

Examples:

  • Teacher
  • Speaker
  • Company
  • Journalist

2. Encoding

Encoding is the process of converting ideas into words, symbols, gestures, or images.

Example:
A teacher explains a lesson using spoken English and PowerPoint slides.

3. Message

The information, idea, or content communicated by the sender.

Examples:

  • Lecture
  • Email
  • Advertisement
  • Speech

4. Decoding

Decoding is the process by which the receiver interprets and understands the message.

Example:
Students listen to the lecture and understand its meaning.

5. Receiver

The receiver is the person who receives and interprets the message.

Examples:

  • Student
  • Audience
  • Customer
  • Employee

6. Feedback

Feedback is the receiver's response to the sender. It confirms whether the message has been understood.

Examples:

  • Asking a question
  • Replying to an email
  • Nodding in agreement
  • Giving an answer

7. Field of Experience

The Field of Experience refers to the knowledge, language, culture, education, beliefs, and past experiences shared by both the sender and receiver.

Communication becomes more effective when their fields of experience overlap.

Visual Representation

          Field of Experience
      +--------------------------+
      |         Sender           |
      |      Knowledge           |
      |      Culture             |
      +-----------┬--------------+
                  │ Shared
                  │ Understanding
      +-----------┴--------------+
      |        Receiver          |
      |      Knowledge           |
      |      Culture             |
      +--------------------------+

Example

Classroom Communication

Teacher (Sender)
      │
      ▼
Explains "Communication Skills"
      │
      ▼
Students (Receiver)
      │
      ▼
Students ask questions
      │
      ▼
Teacher answers (Feedback)

Because both the teacher and students understand English and the classroom context, they share a Field of Experience, making communication more effective.

Features

  • Interactive (two-way) communication model.
  • Includes feedback.
  • Introduces the Field of Experience.
  • Both participants can act as sender and receiver.
  • Suitable for interpersonal communication.

Advantages

  • Emphasizes mutual understanding.
  • Recognizes the importance of feedback.
  • Explains why shared knowledge and culture improve communication.
  • More realistic than one-way communication models.

Limitations

  • Does not explicitly include noise (communication barriers).
  • Assumes feedback is always possible.
  • Less suitable for one-way mass communication such as television broadcasts.

Practical Example

ComponentExample
SenderTeacher
EncodingExplains a concept using speech and slides
Message"Today's topic is Communication Models."
ReceiverStudents
DecodingStudents understand the explanation
FeedbackStudents ask questions and answer quizzes
Field of ExperienceShared language (English), educational background, classroom setting

Summary

Sender
   │
Encode
   │
   ▼
Message
   │
   ▼
Receiver
   │
Decode
   │
   ▼
Feedback
   │
   └──────────────► Sender

(Field of Experience influences every stage.)

Schramm's Model of Communication explains communication as a continuous, interactive process where both participants exchange messages and feedback. Its key contribution is the concept of the Field of Experience, which highlights that communication is most effective when the sender and receiver share common knowledge, language, culture, and experiences.

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